閥門作為流體輸送系統中的核心控制部件，其類型多樣且功能各異，在工業、民用及特殊領域均有廣泛應用。以下從不同維度對常見閥門類型進行系統介紹，以便用戶根據實際需求進行合理選型。

　　Valves, as the core control components in fluid transportation systems, have diverse types and functions, and are widely used in industrial, civilian, and special fields. The following provides a systematic introduction to common valve types from different dimensions, so that users can make reasonable selections based on their actual needs.

　　按功能用途分類

　　Classified by functional purpose

　　截斷閥類：主要用于完全開啟或關閉流體通道。

　　Block valves: mainly used to fully open or close fluid channels.

　　閘閥：通過閘板垂直升降實現啟閉，全開時流體阻力極小，適用于大口徑、高壓差場景，如城市供水主干管。

　　Gate valve: It can be opened and closed by vertically lifting and lowering the gate plate. When fully opened, the fluid resistance is extremely low, making it suitable for large-diameter and high-pressure scenarios, such as urban water supply main pipelines.

　　截止閥：利用閥瓣沿軸線移動控制流量，密封性能優于閘閥，但流體阻力較大，常用于蒸汽系統。

　　Globe valve: uses the valve disc to move along the axis to control flow, with better sealing performance than gate valves, but with higher fluid resistance, commonly used in steam systems.

　　球閥：通過90°旋轉帶孔球體實現快速啟閉，密封性優異，適用于天然氣、酸堿溶液等介質。

　　Ball valve: It can be quickly opened and closed by rotating the perforated ball body 90 °, with excellent sealing performance, and is suitable for media such as natural gas and acid-base solutions.

　　蝶閥：蝶板繞軸旋轉調節流量，結構緊湊，啟閉迅速，廣泛用于暖通空調系統。

　　Butterfly valve: The butterfly plate rotates around the axis to regulate flow, with a compact structure and quick opening and closing, widely used in HVAC systems.

　　調節閥類：專注流量與壓力的精準控制。

　　Regulating valves: focus on precise control of flow and pressure.

　　減壓閥：自動降低介質壓力至設定值，如高層建筑給水系統中的穩壓裝置。

　　Pressure reducing valve: automatically reduces the pressure of the medium to the set value, such as the stabilizing device in the water supply system of high-rise buildings.

　　節流閥：通過改變通道截面積調節流量，但調節精度有限，多用于臨時性流量控制。

　　Throttle valve: adjusts the flow rate by changing the cross-sectional area of the channel, but the adjustment accuracy is limited, and it is mostly used for temporary flow control.

　　止回閥類：防止介質倒流。

　　Check valves: prevent medium backflow.

　　旋啟式止回閥：閥瓣繞銷軸旋轉，適用于大口徑管道，如泵出口處防止水錘。

　　Swing check valve: The valve disc rotates around the pin axis and is suitable for large-diameter pipelines, such as preventing water hammer at the pump outlet.

　　升降式止回閥：閥瓣沿閥體垂直移動，密封性好，但流阻較大，常用于小口徑清水管道。

　　Lift check valve: The valve disc moves vertically along the valve body, with good sealing performance but high flow resistance, commonly used in small-diameter clean water pipelines.

　　安全保護類：

　　Security protection category:

　　安全閥：當系統壓力超限時自動開啟泄壓，如鍋爐、壓力容器的超壓保護裝置。

　　Safety valve: Automatically opens to release pressure when the system pressure exceeds the limit, such as overpressure protection devices for boilers and pressure vessels.

　　疏水閥：自動排除凝結水同時阻止蒸汽泄漏，廣泛應用于蒸汽供熱系統。

　　Drain valve: automatically removes condensed water while preventing steam leakage, widely used in steam heating systems.

　　按結構特性分類

　　Classified by structural characteristics

　　旋塞閥：通過圓柱形旋塞旋轉控制啟閉，結構簡單，適用于低粘度介質，如油田采出液輸送。

　　Plug valve: controlled by rotating a cylindrical plug to open and close, with a simple structure, suitable for low viscosity media such as oil field produced fluid transportation.

　　隔膜閥：利用柔性隔膜實現密封，無填料函設計，適用于腐蝕性介質，如化工酸堿管道。

　　Diaphragm valve: uses flexible diaphragm to achieve sealing, with no packing box design, suitable for corrosive media such as chemical acid and alkali pipelines.

　　柱塞閥：通過柱塞與閥座配合密封，耐磨性強，常用于含顆粒介質，如污水處理廠污泥管道。

　　Piston valve: Sealed by the combination of plunger and valve seat, it has strong wear resistance and is commonly used in granular media, such as sludge pipelines in sewage treatment plants.

　　按驅動方式分類

　　Classified by driving method

　　手動閥：通過手輪、手柄直接操作，如實驗室小型截止閥。

　　Manual valve: Operated directly through a handwheel or handle, such as a laboratory small globe valve.

　　自動閥：

　　Automatic valve:

　　電磁閥：電磁力驅動閥芯動作，實現遠程控制，如自動化生產線的氣動元件。

　　Electromagnetic valve: The valve core is driven by electromagnetic force to achieve remote control, such as pneumatic components in automated production lines.

　　自力式調節閥：利用介質壓力差自動調節，如供暖系統的溫度控制閥。

　　Self operated regulating valve: using the pressure difference of the medium to automatically regulate, such as the temperature control valve of a heating system.

　　按材質與工況分類

　　Classified by material and working conditions

　　高溫閥：耐溫≥450℃，采用鉻鉬鋼材質，用于煉油廠催化裂化裝置。

　　High temperature valve: resistant to temperatures ≥ 450 ℃, made of chromium molybdenum steel material, used in catalytic cracking units of refineries.

　　低溫閥：適用介質溫度-100℃至-40℃，如LNG接收站的液氮管道。

　　Low temperature valve: suitable for medium temperatures ranging from -100 ℃ to -40 ℃, such as liquid nitrogen pipelines in LNG receiving stations.

　　耐腐蝕閥：內襯聚四氟乙烯或哈氏合金，用于化工酸堿介質輸送。

　　Corrosion resistant valve: lined with polytetrafluoroethylene or Hastelloy alloy, used for transporting chemical acid and alkali media.

　　選型關鍵考量

　　Key considerations for selection

　　工況匹配：頻繁啟閉場景優先選球閥，需調節流量時用截止閥或蝶閥。

　　Matching of operating conditions: Ball valves are preferred for frequent opening and closing scenarios, and globe valves or butterfly valves are used when adjusting flow.

　　介質特性：含顆粒介質宜用旋塞閥，高粘度介質選閘閥或柱塞閥。

　　Medium characteristics: Plug valves are suitable for media containing particles, while gate valves or plunger valves are preferred for high viscosity media.

　　壓力溫度：超高壓工況需選超高壓閥，高溫環境用金屬密封球閥。

　　Pressure and temperature: Ultra high pressure valves should be selected for ultra-high pressure conditions, and metal sealed ball valves should be used for high temperature environments.

　　安裝空間：狹窄位置宜用蝶閥或球閥，大口徑管道選閘閥或蝶閥。

　　Installation space: Butterfly valves or ball valves are suitable for narrow positions, and gate valves or butterfly valves are preferred for large-diameter pipelines.

　　通過理解各類閥門的結構原理與應用特性，結合具體工況參數進行選型，可確保閥門在系統中發揮最佳控制效能，同時兼顧經濟性與安全性。

　　By understanding the structural principles and application characteristics of various types of valves, and selecting them based on specific operating parameters, it is possible to ensure that the valves can achieve optimal control efficiency in the system while balancing economy and safety.

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